Home Plague 1348-1352 Europe Of Humanism, The Idea Of Death And The Effect On The Cityscape

Plague 1348-1352 Europe Of Humanism, The Idea Of Death And The Effect On The Cityscape

1348-1352 EUROPE, PLAGUE, THE IDEA OF HUMANISM AND THE EFFECT ON THE CITYSCAPE OF DEATH

DR. TÜLAY BAYBAG*

Istanbul 2010

 

 INTRODUCTION

Holds a very important place in history, the key to open the plague ages , a term it has been a real nightmare for Europe. This disease naturally sociological life systems significantly affect people of authority, religion and the church, his looks changed. Economically, Europe is largely affected the human death. Intertwined is a term which is so close to death and the philosophy of the people, and the way you feel about yourself has changed greatly.

Human Lost; led to the recognition of human values. Thus humanism contributed.

Literature, music and the visual arts with many artists from that period was impressed.

 

INTRODUCTION

The plague, which holds a unique place marked the opening and closing of unsettling history and eras, was a real nightmare for Europe during a certain period. This disease, which substantially affected the sociological life, naturally altered people's perspectives pre-authority systems, religion and the church. The high rate of human mortality had significant economic repercussions on Europe. Death inevitably led to a major shift in a period so closely intertwined with the people's philosophies and self-perceptions.

The loss of human life in recognition prompted the humane values, so that revenue to Humanism. Additionally, many artists in literature, music and visual arts were influenced by this period.

 

Keywords: Pestilence, plague, Death, visuality, Humanism, Renaissance art history

Keywords: An epidemic, pestilence, death imagery, Humanism, the Renaissance art movements

 

WHAT IS THE PLAGUE

The Black Death plague, Kiran, is known by the names of the pest or plague.

Contagious and lethal disease among all plagues plague to please most of the people is 'no'.

The germ that causes this disease, however, in 1894, French bacteriologist Alexandre has been defined by you. Microbe Yersinia Pestis (Pasteurella pestis) was named.

There are three clinical forms of the disease. The bubonic plague, plague and plague septisemik zaturrel. This type of ‘Zaturrel the plague’ outside-is not usually transmitted from person to person. Usually infection is carried by rodents. From rodents to other animals and humans through fleas or mosquitoes is transferred.

Disease transmitted by the bite of a flea that carries the germ, fatigue, headache and general body aches, chills, fever symptoms, such as begins with. Especially the armpits and in the groin lymph glands, swelling, pain and inflammation of the findings of typical. The swollen glands “hiyarcik” or “bubon” is called. Is a characteristic finding. Hiyarcik fluid in a short time becomes a very painful and foul-smelling pus flows.

Scroll within a few days the disease spread to the whole body and especially in the lungs and results in death. Near-death in the last inning, which is the patients ' skin color to a dark purple color, the disease is back, “the Black Death” has been given the name.

German Toggenburg Bible, 1411 dated depictions of the human plague.

If untreated, the mortality rate is 50% – 60 attractions. 

The most important thing to protect is to comply with the general hygiene rules. In the affected areas to avoid contact with wild rodents, like mice and taken to the quarantine of the ship or transport vehicles from here and to be free from fleas, etc.. measures such as effective at protecting.

Still foci of plague in wild rodents in many parts of the world and include infection of rats.

Nowadays, effective antibiotics are available to treat this disease.

Those at occupational risk for short-term vaccine that provides protection is available. However, the vaccine is not sold commercially in many countries.

 

1348 - 1352 PLAGUE

There has been an outbreak of plague in history. One of the biggest epidemic of 1348 -1352 them.

Europe seems to be different from the nightmare of the great epidemic in Europe.

Estimates of the epidemic first started in Central Asia is that of the wild mountain rat. European traders who bought the furs of these animals with valuable furs, they formed a way to jump the disease to Europe. In that period, was done with trade ships. In the ship and they were rats. Sick germs mountain of fur jumped in these mice rats; these rats also ill to an unstoppable plague has spread to cities such as fire jumps with European ports.

 ‘The Black Death – Black Death’ called the plague, has led to the deaths of 60 or 80 million people in a few years. According to some sources, this number was at that time a third of the European population. Now victory ‘was the Black Death.

Infected with the germs of the disease at that time no one knew, and there was a kind of thing which is the reason for this massacre. Rats and their fleas didn't come to anyone's mind, especially of the doubt. People was alive with rats. Remaining open as the population decreases and the germ of the mouse that died of the plague-carrying fleas bite humans, they were infecting them with disease.

There was no known treatment for the disease. Doctors have imposed quarantine measures to stop the disease, but never could not be a success. The epidemic, however, all stopped with the death of the mice.

 Below is depicted a doctor to the patient during the plague.

 

Dr. Schnabel von Rom, Paul Fürst, engraving, 1656, Roman

 

SOCIAL MEDIA AND RELIGION

They commit the sins which the people under the oppression of the Middle Ages religious plague, bad bushings, or witches they think they were refering to is being put together by other religions. Have you heard about Christians, Muslims and Jews they were all accusing each other.

Aristocrat according to the epidemic, the villagers started because of Disobedient. It seemed the end of the kingdom of feodalite.

At that time, many church members have died due to the disease.

According to the church, the disease was widespread immorality against God's wrath. Anger was sending arrows of God to humanity.

To appease the anger of God, people started to look for scapegoats. Hiristya sentenced to cruel punishments and not those who are killed. Taming some religious people who want to save themselves the anger of God and humanity whipped.

There were those who thought that the plague is the work of the witch. “Witches” they burned a lot of women accused. Also the helpers of cats is believed to witches because many cats were killed in that period. The mice roam around freely, this is thought to be a reason to cat massacre.

 

THE ART OF DYING

At that time surrounded by loved ones and the environment sick to death while lying on deathbed best believed that. Even in France, especially the art of dying (Ars was Morie) and related texts are also yayimlanmisdi. Shortly before the outbreak of the plague in his sick bed in the drawings that were released around the Latin text of the patient's relatives, Saints, and spirits good or bad, there were to accompany the deceased on the journey of death. Texts that describe the protocols and procedures of a good death death of Europe shows the period of the common view of the concept of death.

Ars Morie was. Printing wood block (block 11 ) the seventh Block (4a) the Netherlands

 

OBSERVATIONS AT THE BOCATIO

The Italian writer Giovanni boccacio 1348-1351 wrote between the years of “Decameron Tales” takes place in the era of the plague hit Europe. The plague took place in Florence in the introduction section of the book, how this mass of people, their reactions in the face of death is to convey to the reader as a very close observer. This short entry at the bocatio of people who terrorize the Great Plague and death so closely, you came face to face, how deeply affected the psychology of the people, value judgments, and beliefs that has fundamentally how we feel. 630 years later, in the 1980s, Sheldon Solomon, and which will be developed by colleagues of “terror management theory “is almost like a business representative. (Sheldon was developed by Solomon and colleagues, and also known as terror management theory, psychological theory, argues that existential anxiety is instilled in each individual human awareness of mortality. Culture, meaning to people's lives, order, and continuity by providing this existential reduces anxiety. As individuals are connected to cultural values and norms from their lives according to these values as you edit it felt safe. Individuals who believe in the accuracy and validity of cultural values and norms that are connected, begin to find their lives meaningful. The people around you and the individuals themselves to adopt the same values and norms in their faith and their belief in the significance of life increases. However, the significance of people of different faiths to meet threatens the life of an individual and self-esteem decreases. Individuals resort to various methods to alleviate these negative emotions.)

Kitlesellesen in the face of death, ‘death of olaganlig’ idea began to change. The most traumatic part on humans and impressive ‘death of the self experiencing the phenomenon. People often ‘lonely’ they were going. Even in The Decameron described it as a bed without at the bocatio, many people were giving their last breath streets. The person immediately caught the plague was believed to have been abandoned. A lot of people leaving their relatives, even their children, were isolated villages. Of those who contract the disease had no choice but to flee.

Remaining today ‘those who abandoned ‘head ‘time of death is complementary. A disaster that is spreading fast, moral values, it has influenced thinking and healthy.

Living close to death, the people of Europe, this dark period is a period when faith is shaken kurtaricilig of religion. Certain segments of the church and the clergy, on the basis of understanding social life and minorities has also shaken from the chopper attitude.

In this process, duraksarke economic and social life, especially in medical science, including the science that deals with all living things began to develop. Lost ‘human’s importance has begun to emerge.

In this regard 14. the second half of the century plague of intimidating at the same time, for the removal of the seeds of the Renaissance humanist philosophy and the movement is also important.

 

HUMANISM

Humanism as meaning in Latin “humanus” (human) comes from the word. Religion, language, race, regardless of location “human”is a philosophy that sees as the highest value. 

  1. In the century thinkers, writers, musicians, painters, sculptors, artists and scientists have begun to rebel against medieval dogmatism and many more. Religion, social life, and cultural areas in the economy has begun to adopt a more rational worldview.

Humanism, the Renaissance reached its peak. Renaissance “rebirth rebirth” means. This is a period of the individual and the importance of human values. He argues that people are unique powers and skills that need improvement; the spontaneity and the freedom of people out highlights. Also education, you have to balance the human body and spirit, heaven believe that they can reach perfection within reach. Renaissance philosophy is founded on a balance and order.

The foundations were laid of the age of humanism and the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Tolerance is approached with every idea and thought. Taboos began to fall, and the negative effects on religious art and science is slow up to baskamis. The art of sampling ancient Greek and Latin, the universal and people are being used to make the subject of art, the Renaissance began to take shape during this period that he began.

The darkness of the Middle Ages gradually became more enlightened.

  1. The first of humanism in Europe in the 16th century began to develop in Italy. Italian descent, Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, were the forerunners of the idea of humanism. 

Reki teksoy, Arzu, July (teksoy, Arzu, July,1996: 9) we gained the language of “Decameron Tales,” he writes in the introduction to the book.

“Europe is a big plague in 1348. Boccaccio affected by the events he witnessed during the epidemic, started and finished in 1348 he's “Decameron”the days of an epidemic Florence dealt with. “Decameron” formal aspects of “medieval” theme, although only carries the seeds of a culture that have been linked to the harbinger. With this feature Petrarca approaches. 1350 until the death of his friendship with Petrarch met at the bocatio of Petrarca (1374) takes place. ......

 “Most of the stories in The Decameron, the stories of the Middle Ages are known. ....... From the supernatural virtues of the individual as autonomous individuals, who cares about the ability of mind “Secular” of understanding. Decameron what is the axis of the world science is not what God is; the man with all his strength to oppose the mysticism instinct. “Decameron” was not satisfied with a subtle sarcasm in opposition to the Middle Ages and the period that was previously unprecedented hits the ground from the ground ...”

 

DECAMERON TALES

In the book, against the run of the plague, seven young women and three men that they stay in a place away from the city come together and discuss. Ten people in this “free entertainment without boundaries and enjoy the pleasures of the mind to enable you to aim at increasing the stray outside. Each of these ten people every day tells a story. Thus for ten days every day, it tells the story of ten men face a number of finds. Stories, happiness, heartbreak, and love relationships, manipulative, immoral clergy is about. Hazircevaplilik and the appropriate responses are in place in most of the stories. Each story is like a challenge to understanding the social and religion of the period. Promiscuous and amoral heavy criticism in the book and the pastor of the church is directed. Call the harbinger of the renaissance of religion and people's perception is not in vain.

650 years ago, written in the Middle Ages, this book was published quite a hedonistic content. Keyfekeder challenging to shape understanding of the life and stories of the period. They think they're going to die soon, and those who are not yet dead, and the plague without them, they wanted to have as good a time as possible.

Human feelings, human nature, emphasizing the woodcut illustrations in this book apart from the contents of the book that visualizes human from that day until this day, there are a lot of artists.

 

Sandro Botticelli-Renaissance Painter

Decameron tales, in the pine forest invite, 1482-1483, 84 x142 cm, Museo del Prado, Spain.

 

John William Waterhouse - Pre-Raphaelist Painter

It is a story from The Decameron, 1916,102 x 159 cm Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool, UK

 

 And, of course, Berlin, winning the Golden Bear at Berlin in 1971 and Pier Paolo posolini the film “Il Decameron”. Decameron Pasolini himself in this film and one of the founders of Renaissance painting, who was mentioned in the stories of Giotto Di Bondone he has played.        

 

IMAGES OF PLAGUE AND DEATH

The psychology of the Black Death on medieval Europe, the impact is greater. Unidentified people to death and unusually high death rate of the disease has affected their eyes. The church is thought to fail in overcoming the suffering people of the cure I started looking in the old pagan beliefs.

 

THE ARROWS OF GOD

Giorgio Vasari with the arrows of God of plague at the beginning of the visuals ilisiklendirdig comes from. Through the gray clouds, the earth God and the arrows in his hand that symbolizes the most common symbols are one of the first plague.

 

SAINT SEBASTIAN

St. Sebastian holds an important place in the iconography of the plague.

St. Sebastian Roman is a soldier. Hiristyanlig chose it because it is condemned to death by the Emperor Diocletian. Tied to a tree with arrows up and asked to be killed. Believed to be dead with an arrow entering his body dumped by a lot of. Allows you to recuperate a woman named Irene who found him again. Saint Sebastian's once again goes to fair to say that the Emperor Diocletian, but were beaten to death in the sewer and are discarded.

Open wounds in the body of an unknown disease that connects a public patron saints went in search of arrows thrown by God. Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of plague sufferers as declared.

 
Are maesta

In the works of writers and painters when they want to emphasize the mortality of mankind began using their work to strengthen the Allegory of the plague.

The theme of death in religious art began to be more involved in.

Camogli also Bartolommeo, 1346, Mary, and son, Tempra on panel, 175 x 125,5 cm gold Palermo, Galleria Nazionale della Sicilia

 

Giovanni del Biondo; the Virgin with Saints and Angels of the apocalypse, the apocalypse of the Virgin Saints & angels) 1391, Vatican

 

Madonna's portrayal of a plague epidemic bartolommeo da Camogli years ago in the drawing is popular with the shape, while a painting by Giovanni del Biondo after the outbreak of plague in the icon of the Madonna in his grave is located at the bottom of a rotting skeleton.

People never give up and they don't hiristyanlik the underlying term effects of these beliefs pagan beliefs are still continuing today. This day the image of death as a skeleton with a sickle in his hand wrapped in his cloak, wandering and has been involved in our collective unconscious.

 

THE DANCE OF DEATH

Popular images of death in that period well known today have been created.

A separate hiristya belief in the God of death or Zombies (The Living Dead-walking), there is a mythos. Hiristyanlik from earlier pagan religions affected by the scythe in his hand and is located in the angel of death (the Grim Reaper) Coronus there are allegations that they were God.

The God of time, harvest and’ cut with a scythe in his hand and his father's balls Kronus exceeds the time came to reap the souls of people who, it is believed. (Chronology of the word of God is said to have come from the name Coronus.). Here my confusion is also in question. Name of separate identities and similarities with Kronus Kronos because it is said that it is mixed. (Erhat.A. Dictionary Of Mythology, S. 182 6. My Head Remzi Kitabevi, Istanbul, 2008)

Art, of course, reflects the environment it was born in. The psychology of how Europe is affected by the outbreak of the best of 14. We can watch the changing dramatically after the mid-century art. After the plague in Europe ‘Big Dance of death’ has often become the subject of art.

First, the representation of the dance of death have been made to the wall of a cemetery in Paris 1424. Here mesup the state and the church, King, peasants, nobles, and the period of skeletons and the dead are dancing with the elders with rotting bodies. “Cimetière des Innocents (the cemetery of the innocents) named this painting the original has been destroyed.

Of course, to death after the outbreak of plague in this way the representation has become quite popular. Mostly naked or dressed, mostly brown ‘living dead shall be accompanied by mortals playing instruments and dancing.

Guy Merchant 1486 ‘Big Dance of death’ copy destroyed, innocents of Paris from the cemetery

These became very popular at one time and other drawings.

Other striking examples, we can see the sculptures in the tombs in cemeteries. Before the plague of male nobles statues and reliefs found in the cemeteries armor, swords and shields with the most beautiful women in attire, while it is being portrayed in a healthy way, and started seeing a significant change in the cemetery sculptures around 1400 to yariyari rag wrapped in rotting bodies, skeletons, snakes and worms around the rotting meat is depicted. These death's sad and ugly, the truth reveals.

Plague before the death of eternal life, was considered as a way to transition to heaven or hell. However, after the plague, people brought the disease the pain that can accompany the death of a very close angle to consider how this began. This image below a few examples of this: 

The death of Lübeck, dance of the pope and the emperor. By Bernt Notke the original copy of this picture also 1478 - 1480 between Talin, Estonia were made for a church, but were destroyed copy of the image that is subsequently reviewed.

The Dance Of Death (1493 Michael Wolgemut

Albrect Dürer, “the Four Horsemen of the apocalypse” (1498)

Renaissance artists ,Holbein in Basel, Switzerland Dominican dance of the dead in the cemetery are quite impressed with the picture of when faced with these pictures. The dance of Death series, and has published a book of his own. Below, dated 1538 Book, The Dance of death, examples of woodblock printing:

“The Cardinal” Holbein

 

 “The Old Woman” Holbein

 

“Blind man” Holbein

 

 

THE PIED PIPER OF HAMELIN

Pied Piper Moersperg Freiherr von Augustin, watercolor, 1592, Hamel,Germany

 

(Oldest is thought to be the depiction of the Pied Piper)

‘Pied Piper’ tales of the children who died during a plague epidemic, there is a hypothesis that claims to be connected with.

 

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH

Picture of plague many of the subject area ‘triumth’ means ‘victory’ is the name of this victory, the granting of ‘the Black Death is emphasized. The shock of this disease to the people of medieval Europe is making very different and that is great.

Many of the images, the common message is this : all men are equal in the face of death. People's socio-economic status does not affect the death of.

The triumph of death, Pieter Bruegel (the father), 1562, oil on panel, 117 x 162 cm, Museo del Prado, Spain

 

RESULTS

Artificial is not a thing separate from the art community. On the contrary, it is a day to reflect on the joys and sorrows of the community.

  1. plague ravaged Europe in the 16th century became an opportunity for human beings to rethink the value of their own lives.

To be connected by the thread of everyday life , the uncertainty of the future, being finite, irritability, to die on its own, brings individuality to realize. The importance of naturalness and human feeling human humanism in this period that starts with the opening of a way to have served.

The failure of the Catholic Church in the struggle against the disease in this period, the persecution of other religions and corruption trends of the reputation of the church has been shaken.

Kurtaricilig a dark period in religion, faith has been shaken, and people understood the importance of this process where they are humanity from the darkness of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is the process of making out way to

The Renaissance, the classical aesthetic in return is accepted, even though many of his works from this period bleak and tragic. 14. The theme of disease and death frequently takes place in 15th century paintings and sculptures and.

Skeletal and depicted with a scythe of death; in the image 14. the visual imagery that we can use to be more involved century have started.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • Marshall, L. (1994) Manipulating the sacred image and plague in Renaissance Italy, Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3 (autumn, 1994), pp. 485-532, the University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America the ten URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2863019
  • The Art Institute of Chicago, (2004), the fourteenth century, Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, medieval art at the Art Institute of Chicago (2004), pp. 48-63+93-94 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4113080
  • Watson, Paul F. (1984), the fiction of the cement: Giovanni Boccaccio, and the painters of Florence: MLN, Vol. 99, No. 1, Italian Issue (Jan., 1984), pp. 43-64, The Johns Hopkins University Press, URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2906126
  • Boeckl, Christine M. (2001), Giorgio Vasari's “Altarpiece of San Rocco” tradition and innovation in the iconography of the plague, Artibus et Historiae, Vol. 22, No. 43 (2001), pp. 29-40 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1483649
  • Boccaccio, G.(1348), Decameron, trans. Teksoy, Arzu, July, R. Capricorn and advertising Publishing Ltd. Ltd. (1996) Istanbul
  • Generous, B. (2008) second edition, mythology and iconography, say, Publishing Ltd. Ltd. Ankara
  • Erhat, E. (2008), Dictionary of mythology, sixteenth printing, Remzi kitabevi, Istanbul
Tülay Baybag